177 research outputs found

    Objective Imprecise Probabilistic Information, Second Order Beliefs and Ambiguity Aversion: an Axiomatization

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    We axiomatize a model of decision under objective ambiguity or imprecise risk. The decision maker forms a subjective (non necessarily additive) belief aboutthe likelihood of probability distributions and computes the average expected utility of a given act with respect to this second order belief. We show that ambiguity aversion like the one revealed by the Ellsberg paradox requires that second order beliefs be nonadditive. Somespecial cases of the model are examined and different forms of ambiguity aversion are characterized.Imprecise probabilistic information, second order beliefs, non-additive probabilities, ambiguity aversion, Ellsberg paradox, Choquet integral

    On the interpretation of the WTP/WTA gap as imprecise utility: an axiomatic analysis

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    International audienceThe willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) disparity reported in a rich empirical literature suggests that people have only an imprecise idea of how valuable a good is to them. In this note, we provide axioms that formally relate this imprecision in the evaluation of a good to the imprecision in the utility function, in the sense that x is strictly preferred to y iff the WTP for x is larger than the WTA for y. The preference relation is therefore an interval order (Fishburn (1970)) with ''interval utility' equal to the WTP/WTA interval itself. Applications to preference for liquidity and the strength of the status quo bias are given

    Are beliefs a matter of taste? A case for Objective Imprecise Information

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    We argue, in the spirit of some of Jean-Yves Jaffray's work, that explicitly incorporating the information, however imprecise, available to the decision maker is relevant, feasible, and fruitful. In particular, we show that it can lead us to know whether the decision maker has wrong beliefs and whether it matters or not, that it makes it possible to better model and analyze how the decision maker takes into account new information, even when this information is not an event and finally that it is crucial when attempting to identify and measure the decision maker's attitude toward imprecise information.Decision under uncertainy;Objective Information;Belief Formation;Methodology of Decision Theory

    Accounting for Framing-Effects - an informational approach to intensionality in the Bolker-Jeffrey decision model

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    We suscribe to an account of framing-effects in decision theory in terms of an inference to a background informationa by the hearer when a speaker uses a certain frame while other equivalent frames were also available. This account was sketched by Craig McKenzie. We embed it in Bolker-Jeffrey decision model (or logic of action) - one main reason of this is that this latter model makes preferences bear on propositions. We can deduce a given anomaly or cognitive bias (namely framing-effects) in a formal decision theory. This leads to some philosophical considerations on the relationship between the rationality of preferences and the sensitivity to descriptions or labels of states of affairs (intensionality) in decision-making.information-processing and decision-making, framing-effects, intensionality, Bolker-Jeffrey

    Framing Effects as Violations of Extensionality

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    Framing effects occur when different descriptions of the same decision problem give rise to divergent decisions. They can be seen as a violation of the decisiontheoretic version of the principle of extensionality (PE). The PE in logic means that two logically equivalent sentences can be substituted salva veritate. We explore what this notion of extensionality becomes in decision contexts. Violations of extensionality may have rational grounds. Based on some ideas proposed by the psychologist Craig McKenzie and colleagues, we contend that framing effects are justified when the selection of one particular frame conveys choice relevant information. We first discuss this idea from a philosophical point of view, and proceed next to formalize it first in the context of the Bolker–Jeffrey decision theory. Finally, we extend the previous analysis to non-expected utility theories using the Biseparable Preference model introduced by Ghirardato and Marinacci (2001) and therefore show that the analysis is independent of the assumptions of Bayesian decision theory.framing-effects; extensionality; information processing; Bolker-Jeffrey decision model; biseparable preferences

    Are Beliefs a Matter of Taste ? A case for Objective Imprecise Information

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    We argue, in the spirit of some of Jean-Yves Jaffray's work, that explicitly incorporating the information, however imprecise, available to the decision marker is relevant, feasible and fruitful. In particular, we show that it can lead us to know whether the decision maker has wrong beliefs and whether it matters or not, that it makes it possible to better model and analyze how the decision maker takes into account new information, even when this information is not an event and finally that it is crucial when attempting to identify and measure the decision maker's attitude toward imprecise information.Beliefs, imprecision, information.

    Ambiguity, Optimism, and Pessimism in Adverse Selection Models

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    We investigate the effect of ambiguity and ambiguity attitude on the shape and properties of the optimal contract in an adverse selection model with a continuum of types, using the parametric model of ambiguity and ambiguity aversion called the NEO-additive model (Chateauneuf, Eichberger, and Grant, 2007). We show that it necessarily features efficiency and a jump at the top and pooling at the bottom of the distribution. Conditional on the degree of ambiguity, the pooling section may or may not be supplemented by a separating section. As a result, ambiguity adversely affects the principal’s ability to solve the adverse selection problem and therefore the least efficient types benefit from ambiguity with respect to risk. Conversely, ambiguity is detrimental to the most efficient types. This is confirmed in the comparative statics section

    Le tournant cognitif en économie de la décision et des comportements

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    Parler d'un tournant cognitif de la thĂ©orie Ă©conomique de la dĂ©cision suppose que celle-ci s'est mise, Ă  un moment donnĂ©, Ă  prendre davantage et mieux en compte les processus mentaux – voire neuronaux – qui prĂ©sident au traitement de l'information pertinente pour la prise de dĂ©cision et qui accompagnent, dĂ©terminent et expliquent la prise de dĂ©cision. Cette prise en compte suppose, bien entendu, la modification des modĂšles de dĂ©cision, mais sans doute Ă©galement un changement dans la dĂ©marche ui prĂ©side Ă  la modĂ©lisation, moins tributaire de l'approche instrumentale inspirĂ©e de l'irrĂ©alisme mĂ©thodologique de Milton Friedman (1953) d'aprĂšs laquelle le caractĂšre rĂ©aliste des hypothĂšses d'un modĂšle importe peu du moment qu'il prĂ©dit correctement les comportements, et plus prĂ©occupĂ©e d'une description fidĂšle des processus mentaux effectifs qui conduisent aux dĂ©cisions. La tĂąche qui nous attend est donc double. Il s'agit d'abord de repĂ©rer chronologiquement un Ă©ventuel tournant. Il s'agit ensuite de caractĂ©riser l'avant et l'aprĂšs. Il est assez facile de repĂ©rer les Ă©lĂ©ments d'un tournant cognitif en thĂ©orie Ă©conomique de la dĂ©cision dans au moins deux domaines : la thĂ©orie de la dĂ©cision dans l'incertain, oĂč les consĂ©quences de l'action choisie au terme du processus de dĂ©cision dĂ©pendent de la rĂ©alisation de certains Ă©vĂ©nements, et la thĂ©orie de la dĂ©cision comportant une dimension temporelle. Nous nous concentrerons ici sur l'analyse du tournant cognitif dans le premier domaine

    Le tournant cognitif en économie de la décision et des comportements

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    Parler d'un tournant cognitif de la thĂ©orie Ă©conomique de la dĂ©cision suppose que celle-ci s'est mise, Ă  un moment donnĂ©, Ă  prendre davantage et mieux en compte les processus mentaux – voire neuronaux – qui prĂ©sident au traitement de l'information pertinente pour la prise de dĂ©cision et qui accompagnent, dĂ©terminent et expliquent la prise de dĂ©cision. Cette prise en compte suppose, bien entendu, la modification des modĂšles de dĂ©cision, mais sans doute Ă©galement un changement dans la dĂ©marche ui prĂ©side Ă  la modĂ©lisation, moins tributaire de l'approche instrumentale inspirĂ©e de l'irrĂ©alisme mĂ©thodologique de Milton Friedman (1953) d'aprĂšs laquelle le caractĂšre rĂ©aliste des hypothĂšses d'un modĂšle importe peu du moment qu'il prĂ©dit correctement les comportements, et plus prĂ©occupĂ©e d'une description fidĂšle des processus mentaux effectifs qui conduisent aux dĂ©cisions. La tĂąche qui nous attend est donc double. Il s'agit d'abord de repĂ©rer chronologiquement un Ă©ventuel tournant. Il s'agit ensuite de caractĂ©riser l'avant et l'aprĂšs. Il est assez facile de repĂ©rer les Ă©lĂ©ments d'un tournant cognitif en thĂ©orie Ă©conomique de la dĂ©cision dans au moins deux domaines : la thĂ©orie de la dĂ©cision dans l'incertain, oĂč les consĂ©quences de l'action choisie au terme du processus de dĂ©cision dĂ©pendent de la rĂ©alisation de certains Ă©vĂ©nements, et la thĂ©orie de la dĂ©cision comportant une dimension temporelle. Nous nous concentrerons ici sur l'analyse du tournant cognitif dans le premier domaine

    Are Beliefs a Matter of Taste ? A case for Objective Imprecise Information

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    URL des Documents de travail : http://ces.univ-paris1.fr/cesdp/CESFramDP2009.htmDocuments de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2009.86 - ISSN : 1955-611XWe argue, in the spirit of some of Jean-Yves Jaffray's work, that explicitly incorporating the information, however imprecise, available to the decision marker is relevant, feasible and fruitful. In particular, we show that it can lead us to know whether the decision maker has wrong beliefs and whether it matters or not, that it makes it possible to better model and analyze how the decision maker takes into account new information, even when this information is not an event and finally that it is crucial when attempting to identify and measure the decision maker's attitude toward imprecise information.Nous défendons l'idée qu'incorporer l'information disponible dans une approche axiomatique en théorie de la décision est pertinent, faisable et fructueux. Nous montrons que cela peut identifier les situations dans lesquelles le décideur a des croyances erronées, permet d'enrichir l'analyse d'arrivée de nouvelles informations et finalement est essentiel pour estimer l'attitude des décideurs face à l'imprécision
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